In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a word or form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form.
In applying, pronoun have some function:
· Subject of verb (subjek
kata kerja)
Ex:
She has everything in her life
(dia memiliki segalanya dalam
kehidupannya)
· Subject of complement
(subjek pelengkap)
Ex:
Mine is more interesting
(milikku lebih menarik)
· Object of verb (objek
kata kerja)
Ex:
We dont’t like it
(kami tidak menyukai ini)
· Object of preposition
(objek kata depan)
Ex:
I am proud of her
(saya bangga padanya)
· Head of modifier (inti
penjelas)
Ex:
They have something different
(mereka memiliki sesuatu yang berbeda)
· Adverb of vocative (kata
keterangan penyeru)
Ex:
You, go out!
(kamu, keluar!)
Types of pronouns
Ø Personal pronoun (kata
ganti personal)
Personal pronoun have some function, there
are:
Subject forms (fungsi subjek)
|
Object forms (fungsi objek)
|
Attributive possessive forms (fungsi kepemilikan
beratribut)
|
Independent possessive forms (fungsi kepemilikan
non-atribut)
|
Reflexive forms (fungsi refleksi
|
I
|
Me
|
My
|
Mine
|
Myself
|
You
|
You
|
Your
|
Yours
|
Yourself
|
He
|
Him
|
His
|
His
|
Himself
|
She
|
Her
|
Her
|
Hers
|
Herself
|
We
|
Us
|
Our
|
Ours
|
Ourselves
|
They
|
Them
|
Their
|
Theirs
|
Themselves
|
It
|
It
|
Its
|
Its
|
Itself
|
Example:
o Two days ago I met Amien Rais
o Yesterday I met him again
o Please put the glass on the table, put it
carefully
Ø Reflexive pronoun (kata
ganti refleksi)
Reflexive pronoun use for:
1. Same subject and object
Ex:
o He killed himself
o She spoke to herself
2. expressing is self-supporting
Ex:
o i myself opened the window
o mother opened the window herself
3. expressing alone
Ex:
o she went there by herself
o i did the work by my self
Ø Reciprocal pronoun (kata
ganti timbal balik)
Representing word change generating
meaning each other or is reciprocal. Reciprocal pronoun consist of two type
there are:
o Each other, for expressing between
two people
Example:
ü Andri and Andrea love
each other
(Andri dan Andrea saling mencintai)
ü Louis and Lissa are
interested in each other
(Louis dan Lissa saling tertarik satu sama
lain)
o One another, for expressing between
more form two people
Example:
ü My friends throw the
cream one another
(teman-temanku saling melempar es krim)
ü The army and the enemy
shoot one another in that war
( tentara dan musuhnya saling tembak dalam
peperangan itu)
Ø Demonstrative pronoun
(kata ganti penunjuk)
Demonstrative pronoun consist of some following word:
o This for showing one object which laid at
near
Ex:
§ This is your T-shirt
(ini kaosmu)
§ I like this
(saya suka ini)
o That for showing one object which laid at
far
Ex:
§ That is my uncle
(itu pamanku)
§ My father is that
(ayahku yang itu)
o These for showing two object or more which
laid at near
Ex:
§ These are my students
(ini siswa-siswaku)
§ Don’t talk about these
(jangan bicarakan hal-hal ini)
o Those for showing two object or more which
laid at far
Ex:
§ Those are my friends
(itu teman-temanku)
§ The books are those
(buku-bukunya adalah itu)
Pronoun
for people
|
Pronoun
for thing
|
v The other
v The others
v Each other
v One another
v Somebody
v Anybody
v Someone
v Anyone
v No one
v One
v Everybody
v Everyone
|
v Something
v Anything
v Nothing
v Everything
|
Ø Interrogative pronoun
(kata ganti tanya)
Interrogative pronoun is word change used
to make question. four kinds of word which including pronoun interogative is
who, whom, what, which. whose pronoun possessive earn also function as pronoun
interogative. its tables shall be as follows:
|
subject
|
object
|
|
Person
|
Who
|
Whom
|
|
Thing
|
What
|
|
Person/Thing
|
Which
|
|
Person
|
Whose
|
(possessive)
|
Example:
Question
|
Answer
|
Position
|
Who told you?
(siapa yang memberitahumu?)
|
John told me.
(john yang memberitahuku)
|
Subject
|
Whom did you tell?
(siapa yang kamu beritahu?)
|
I told Mary
(saya memberitahu Mary)
|
Object
|
What has happened?
(apa yang telah terjadi?)
|
An accident has happened
(sebuah kecelakaan telah terjadi)
|
Subject
|
What do you want?
(apa yang kamu mau?)
|
I want a cup of coffe
(saya mau secangkir kopi)
|
Object
|
Which come first?
(yang mana yang datang pertama?)
|
The lion air come first
(lion air yang datang pertama)
|
Subject
|
There’s one car missing. Whose hasn’t arrived?
(ada satu mobil yang tidak ada. Punya siapa yang
belum datang?)
|
John’s car hasn’t arrived.
(mobil jhon yang belum datang)
|
Subject
|
Bob found a key. Whose did you find, bob?
(Bob telah menemukan sebuah kunci. Punya siapa yang
kamu temukan bob?)
|
I found john’s key
(saya menemukan kunci milik john)
|
Object
|
Which will the doctor see first?
(yang mana yang akan di periksa dokter pertama
kali?)
|
The doctor will see the patient with the blue shirt
first.
(pertama kali dokter akan memeriksa pasien yang berbaju
biru.)
|
Object
|
Ø Relative pronoun (kata
ganti penghubung)
Relative pronoun is pronoun which adressed at pronoun which prioritize of
it.
There are:
o Who
Ex:
The boy who is wearing the brown jacket is
my brother
(laki-laki yang sedang memakai jaket
coklat itu adalah kakakku)
o Whom
Ex:
I am curious about the girl whom i met
yesterday
(saya penasaran dengan gadis yang saya
temui kemarin
o Whose
Ex:
The old man whose hair is white is my
great grandfather
(laki-laki tua yang rambutnya putih itu
adalah kakek buyutku)
o Which
The book which you borrowed yesterday is
mine
(buku yang kamu pinjam kemaren adalah
milikku)
o That
Ex:
The book that you borrowed yesterday is
mine
(buku yang kamu pinjam kemaren adalah
milikku)
Ø Indefinite pronoun (kata
ganti tak tentu)
Indefinite pronoun is pronoun which use for change persons, things, or
quantities which unclear.
Indefinite persons or things
|
Some :
somebody, someone, something
|
Any:
anybody, anyone, anything
|
No :
nobody, no one, nothing
|
Every:
everybody, everyone, everything
|
Indefinite quantities
|
All,
another, any, both, each, either, few, least, less, little, a lot of, lots
of, many, more, most, much. Neither, none, one, others, plenty of, several,
some
|
Ex:
§ I met somebody in the
market this morning
§ I have nothing to eat
§ Anybody home??
Relative Pronoun
Relative pronoun is
Function
|
|
People
|
Object / Consept
|
Place
|
Time
|
Description
|
Subject
|
who, that
|
which, that
|
|
|
|
Object
|
who, whom, that
|
which, that
|
where
|
when
|
What/why
|
Possessive
|
whose
|
whose
|
|
|
|
Ø Who
Who used for people as subject and object.
Example :
· I hate the man who
is standing in front of me.
(Aku benci lelaki yang berdiri di
depanku.)
· The teacher who
sings in the class is my Music teacher.
(Guru yang menyanyi di kelas adalah guru musikku.)
· The man who
bought your car yesterday is my uncle.
(Lelaki yang membeli mobilmu kemarin
adalah pamanku.)
· The student who
always makes noise in the class is Anwar.
(Murid yang selalu membuat kegaduhan di
kelas adalah Anwar.)
· The man who came
to my house yesterday was Alex.
(Laki-laki yang datang ke rumahku kemarin
adalah Alex.)
Ø Whom
Whom used for people as object.
Example :
· The man whom you
met yesterday is my brother.
(Lelaki yang kamu temui kemarin adalah
kakakku.)
· The boy whom we
visited is her boyfriend.
(Anak lelaki yang kita kunjungi kemarin
adalah pacarnya.)
· He paid the man whom
he had hired.
(Dia membayar lelaki yang telah dia
pekerjakan.)
· He is the man whom
I love.
(Dia adalah laki-laki yang aku cintai.)
· They are my friends whom
I told you yesterday.
(Mereka adalah teman-temanku yang aku
ceritakan kepadamu kemarin.)
Ø Whose
Whose used for kepemilikan.
Example :
· The man whose son
is a pilot is very proud.
(Lelaki yang memiliki anak seorang pilot
sangat bangga.)
· The girl whose
father is a professor didn’t pass the examination.
(Perempuan yang memiliki ayah seorang
professor itu tidak lulus ujian.)
· The Lady whose
child is in hospital now is my sister.
(Wanita yang anaknya di rumah sakit itu
adalah kakak perempuanku.)
· She is a woman whose
husband is very rich.
(Dia adalah wanita yang suaminya sangat
kaya.)
· Dinda is my friend whose
brother lives in Semarang.
(Dinda adalah temanku yang kakaknya
tinggal di Semarang.)
Ø Which
Which used for object/consept as subject and object.
Example :
· We are waiting for the
bus which goes to Bogor
(Kita menunggu bis yang akan pergi ke
Bogor.)
· The book which I
bought yesterday is cheap.
(Buku yang aku beli kemarin murah.)
· The letter which
I received last night is from my uncle.
(Surat yang aku terima kemarin malam
adalah dari pamanku.)
· The pen which I
bought is red.
(Pulpen yang aku beli berwarna merah.)
· These are candies which
my mother bought.
(Ini adalah permen yang ibuku belikan.)
Ø Where
Where used to explain place as subject.
Example :
· This is the shop where
I bought my bike.
(Ini adalah toko dimana aku membeli
sepeda.)
· I don’t know where
you put your bag.
(Aku tidak tahu dimana kamu meletakkan
tasmu.)
· She buys her handphone
in the shop where I sell my handphone.
(Dia membeli handphone di toko dimana aku
menjual handphoneku.)
Ø When
When used to explain time as subject.
Example :
· I was sleeping when my
mother phoned me.
(Aku sedang tidur ketika ibuku menelponku.)
· Do you know when they
arrive?
(Apakah kamu tahu kapan mereka tiba?)
· My friend got married
when I was studying abroad.
(Temanku menikah ketika aku sedang belajar
di luar negeri)
Ø Why
Why digunakan
sebagai keterangan.
Example :
· I am surprised why you
don’t pass the examination.
(Aku terkejut kenapa kamu tidak lulus
ujian)
· She doesn’t know why her
mother leaves her father.
(Dia tidak tahu kenapa ibunya meninggalkan
ayahnya)
· He didn’t explain to me
why he resigned from the company.
(Dia tidak menjelaskan kepadaku kenapa dia
mengundurkan diri dari perusahaan)
Ø That
That can used to replace who, which, whom as subject and object.
Example :
· I hate the man that is
standing in front of me.
(Aku benci lelaki yang berdiri di depanku)
· The man that you met
yesterday is my brother.
(Lelaki yang kamu temui kemarin adalah
kakaku)
· The book that I bought
yesterdat is cheap.
(Buku yang aku beli kemarin murah)
· She is girl that always
wears short skirt everyday.
(Dia adalah gadis yang setiap hari selalu
memakai rok pendek)
· This is the bag that my
father gave on my birthday.
(Itu adalah tas yang ayahku berikan saat
ulang tahunku)
Ø What
What can used for express what’s going on or
who is of a thing.
Example :
· I don’t understand what
you mean.
(Aku tidak mengerti apa yang kamu maksud)
· That is what i like.
(Itulah yang aku suka)
Contoh Relative Pronoun
Adapun contoh relative pronoun (bold)
pada relative clause (garis bawah) di
dalam complex sentence dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Relative Pronoun
|
Keterangan
|
Contoh Relative
Pronoun dalam Kalimat
|
Keterangan
|
who (siapa)
whoever (siapapun)
|
Relative pronoun ini berfungsi menghubungkan noun berupa
orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan verb padaadjective clause.Di dalamadjective clause, relative
pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek.
|
The boy who is playing football on the
yard is my neighbour.
|
Who merupakan subjek dari verb= is playing dan
memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the boy.
|
I looked for a man whoborrowed me money.
|
Who merupakan subjek dari verb= borrowed dan
memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan a man.
|
which (yang
mana)
whichever (yang manapun)
|
Berfungsi menghubungkannoun benda, binatang,
atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan adjective
clause. Which lebih spesifik dari what. Di dalam adjective
clause, relative pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek.
|
The table whichwas made of oak wood
has broken.
|
Which merupakan subjek dari verb=was made dan
memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the table.
|
He always eats bread whicheverhe likes.
|
Whichever merupakan objek dari verb= likes dan
memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan direct object= bread.
|
whose (punya siapa/milik siapa)
|
Relative pronoun ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan kepemilikan terhadap
benda maupun orang yang diterangkan pada bagian klausa-nya.
|
The womanwhose car I want to buy
is my old friend.
|
-
|
whom(dengan/untuk/kepada siapa)
whomever(dengan/untuk/kepada siapapun)
|
Whom merupakan bentuk yang lebih formal dari who.
Whomsering diawali oleh preposition(berfungsi sebagai object
of preposition). Relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai objek pada
adjective clause.
|
She is the woman to whom I wanted to meet.
|
Whom merupakan object of preposition ”to” serta
menerangkan adjective clause yang menerangkan the woman.
|
The team whom you were watchinghas
won three gold medals.
|
Whom merupakan object dari verb= were watching
serta memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan subjek= the team.
|
|
|
Relative pronoun ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan nounsebagai
benda atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan adjective
clause.Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini
merujuk kepada subjek atau objek. That digunakan padadefining clause (restrictive).That cenderung informal
(dibanding who dan which)
|
Cats that live in the wild
may have a better immune system.
|
That merupakan subjek dari verb= live serta
memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= cats.
|
The laptop that I bought five years ago
is still work properly.
|
That merupakan objek dari verb= bought serta
memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan subjek= laptop.
|
Relative pronouns
adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk pada kata benda yang mendahuluinya (antecedent)
yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat. Relative pronouns biasa
diletakkan di awal dependent clause atau anak kalimat yang menerangkan
atau memberikan informasi tambahan kepada independent clause ataumain
clause.
Kata ganti yang
digunakan adalah: who, whom, whose, which, dan that.
- The man who is sitting in the corner is my
friend.
- The boy whom we visited is her boyfriend.
- The girl whose car was sold will go to study
abroad.
- The filing cabinet, which we purchase last
week, is very well built.
- The book that describes about behaviour of
animal is expensive.
Kata who, whom, whose, which, dan that
pada contoh di atas menunjuk pada kata benda sebelumnya (the man, the boy,
the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).
Nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns
(kata ganti) seperti the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, dan
the book disebut dengan istilah antecedent.
- Voters whose names begin with the letters M
to Z should go to Room 2.
- That photo is a reminder of someone who was
very important to me.
- Hands up everyone who would like a drink.
- A mole is an animal that lives underground.
- He was accused of being drunk in charge of a
vehicle, which is a serious offence.
Untuk menunjuk pada orang, gunakan relative
pronouns: who, whom, whose dan that.
- the man who spoke
- the man that spoke (meskipun
pemakaian that juga benar, who lebih disarankan
sebagai subject pronoun)
- the man that I saw
- the man whom I saw (meskipun
pemakaian whom juga benar, that lebih disarankan
sebagai object pronoun)
Untuk menunjuk pada benda lainnya atau hewan, gunakan relative
pronouns: which, that dan whose.
- the cat which was sitting on the mat
- the cat that was sitting on the mat
- the book whose cover was torn
- a book to which I often refer
Ketika menunjuk pada sesuatu benda, of which
bisa dipakai untuk menggantikanwhose.
- a book the cover of which was torn
Perluasan relative pronouns dengan kata ganti
seperti whoever, whomever, whateverdikenal sebagai indefinite
relative pronouns (relative pronouns tanpa antecedent).
- The boy will tease whomever he likes.
- She said whatever came to mind.
- Let in whoever comes to me.
Kata what juga dapat digunakan sebagai indefinite
relative pronouns, contoh:
- I will tell you what you need to know.
- I know what I like.
Catatan
Who
disebut sebagai subject pronoun dan whom sebagai object
pronoun. Hal ini bisa dibandingkan dengan he dan him, they
dan them, dsb.
- the man who was there (bandingkan ‘he
was there’)
- the man whom I saw (bandingkan ‘I
saw him’)
Kata whom
lebih sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Dalam penggunaannya
sehari-hari, baik dalam bentuk percakapan maupun tulisan, whombiasanya
diganti dengan who.
- the man who I saw
- the man who you were speaking to
Whom
tidak bisa digantikan oleh who bila sebelumnya didahului oleh preposition.
- the man to whom you were speaking
- They elected Smith chairman, than whom there
could have been no better choice.
Biasanya bentuk preposition + whom ini dipakai
dalam bahasa Inggris formal.
Indefinite
relative pronouns memiliki sifat yang terdapat pada relative
pronouns maupunindefinite pronouns. Jenis pronouns ini
seperti menunjuk pada suatu kata benda, tetapi orang atau benda yang dimaksud
tidak disebutkan dengan jelas
|
example sentences
S=subject, O=object, P=possessive
|
notes
|
defining relative clauses
|
S
|
- The person who phoned me last night is my
teacher.
- The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.
|
That is preferable
|
- The car which hit me was yellow.
- The car that hit me was yellow.
|
That is preferable
|
O
|
- The person whom I phoned last night is my
teacher.
- The people who I phoned last night are my teachers.
- The person that I phoned last night is my teacher.
- The person I phoned last night is my teacher.
|
Whom is correct but formal. The relative pronoun is
optional.
|
- The car which I drive is old.
- The car that I drive is old.
- The car I drive is old.
|
That is preferable to which. The relative pronoun
is optional.
|
P
|
- The student whose phone just rang should
stand up.
- Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.
|
|
- The police are looking for the carwhose
driver was masked.
- The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked.
|
Whose can be used with things. Of which is also
possible.
|
non-defining relative clauses
|
S
|
- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.
|
|
- The car, which was a taxi, exploded.
- The cars, which were taxis, exploded.
|
|
O
|
- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my
teacher.
- Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.
|
Whom is correct but formal. Who is common in
spoken English and informal written English.
|
- The car, which I was driving at the time,
suddenly caught fire.
|
|
P
|
- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is
a doctor.
|
|
- The car, whose driver jumped out just
before the accident, was completely destroyed.
- The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident,
was completely destroyed.
|
Whose can be used with things. Of which is also
possible.
|
Contoh contoh relative pronoun
1) I talked to the girl whose car had broken down in front of the shop.
|
2) Mr Richards, who
is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
|
3) We often visit our aunt in Norwich which is in East Anglia.
|
4) This is the girl who
comes from Spain.
|
5) That's Peter, the boy who has just arrived at the airport.
|
6) Thank you very much for your e-mail which was very interesting.
|
7) The man, whose
father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.
|
8) The children, who
shouted in the street, are not from our school.
|
9) The car, whose
driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
|
10) What did you do with the money which your mother lent you?
|
|
|
Relatitive Pronoun terdiri dari 2 Jenis Yaitu :
1. Defining Relative : Hanya menjelaskan terbatas kepasa Subyek dan ditulis
tanpa tanda koma.
The boy who broke the school-window is Tom.
2. Non Defining Relative : Menjelaskan tidak terbatas hanya kepada Subyek
tetapi ada suatu keterangan lebih lanjut tentang Subyek itu sendiri dan ditulis
dengan tanda koma.
Tom, who is naughty boy, broke the school-window
Sumber Refrensi
1. Complete english grammar for everyone easy and simple tools
for learning and teaching grammar by Mettayana Anggun Puspitasari, S.Pd &
Roro Ayu Kusumastuti, S.Pd
2. To whom
it may concern, Practical English Grammar and exercise by Grace Arliany Widjaja
